Hadal oceanic trenches, such as the Japan Trench, are the deepest places on our planet. They form due to downward bending of subducting ocean crust along subduction zones; act as terminal sinks for sediment, particulate, and dissolved organic carbon; and form high-resolution archives to unravel the history of subduction zone processes including subduction megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis.

The International Ocean Drilling Programme (IODP³) Expedition 503 drill site recovers the whole trench-fill sequence in the central Japan Trench to date and establishes event stratigraphy for paleoseismologic interpretations and further investigations of earthquake-related element cycles in hadal trench environments. Unravelling the complete trench-fill sedimentary record and pore water profile will significantly advance our understanding of the nature and recurrence of hadal trench tsunamigenic slip and the underlying megathrust earthquakes and related geohazards, as well as the effects on enhancing carbon accumulation in the hadal trench that may stimulate carbon transformation and eventual export into the subduction zone.

This volume of the Proceedings of the International Ocean Drilling Programme includes the Scientific Prospectus and scientific and engineering results of IODP³ Expedition 503, as well as post-expedition scientific outcomes after completion of the operations.